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Minorities (General)

Karl Heinold, Brno, Moravia, Czechoslovakia ->
As governor of Silesia and Moravia he was constantly busy in attempting to diminish national contrasts. He was sometimes successful, sometimes not. In 1907 he created a national division between the Germans, Czechs and Poles in Silesia. For many years he was trying to create a national balance between the Germans and Czechs in Bohemia. These efforts had no success and found their end at the outbreak of the World War.

Milan Hodza, Prague-Smichov, Czechoslovakia ->
Before the war up to 1910 he was a member of Hungarian Parliament as a representative of Slovakia, which belonged until the end of the war to Hungary. He lead the strife for democratization of the state and for the liberation of nationalities deprived in former Hungary of their national liberty. Together with others he organized a collaboration between Czechs and Slovaks and also with Rumanians and Yugoslavs living in Hungary as well as with democratic Hungarian elements. With Dr. Vajda, former Prime Minister of Rumania, he belonged to a group of men collaborating with the late archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne with the view of changing radically the former Danubian Empire into a Federation of National States.

Ahmed Mouhtar bey, Stamboul, Turkey ->
joined state service as a member of the bureau of the "Imperial Chancellery"; where he stayed for six years. He resigned one year after the revolution of 1908 to fight against the politic of the committee "Union et Progrès" which he considered a misfortune for his country. Especially persecuted were the non-Turkish inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire such as Albanians, Arabs, Kurdes, Greeks and Armenians and others. The Committee Union tried to kill him, so he left Constantinople in 1910; one year later this Committee condemned him to death while he was in France.